The hallux has one interphalangeal joint whilst the lesser digits each have a proximal and a distal interphalangeal joint. The joint is formed by the articulation between the head of a phalanx with the base of the phalanx located distally 1.
The joint is stabilized by a pair of collateral ligaments and an articular capsule 1. The joint is a hinge joint and allows for flexion and extension of the phalanges 1. Erosions of the margins of the interphalangeal joint of the hallux and distal interphalangeal joint of the lesser digits can occur in psoriatic arthritis 2. In rheumatoid arthritis , erosions of the medial aspect of the interphalangeal joint of the hallux is a common finding 2. Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys.
Updating… Please wait. Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again. Thank you for updating your details. Log In. Sign Up. Become a Gold Supporter and see no ads. There is also a fourth bone in the first row of wrist bones called the pisiform, but it does not connect to either the radius or ulna. Wrist fractures that involve the joint surface are common wrist injuries.
One of the most common ligaments involved in a wrist sprain is the scapholunate ligament. The ulnocarpal joint includes the ulna, one of the forearm bones, as well as the lunate and triquetrum.
Ulnocarpal injuries are common with sprains. A broken wrist fracture that collapses and tilts can cause the ulna to be longer than the radius, which causes extra stress and pain, even after the fracture heals and stops hurtig. Some people who are born with, or develop, an ulna that is longer than the radius can have pain or even have ulnocarpal abutment impaction syndrome.
The distal radioulnar joint is at the wrist where the two forearm bones meet. Distal radioulnar joint instability or pain can sometimes be a challenging problem to treat. The scaphotrapeziotrapezoid joint is at the base of the thumb in the wrist. It is made up of three wrist bones, the scaphoid, the trapezium, and the trapezoid.
The scaphoid rotates at this joint as you move the wrist. This joint can become arthritic. Treatment of arthritis in this joint can include removal of the scaphoid, removal of the trapezium and part of the trapezoid, or arthrodesis also known as fusion. The ulnohumeral joint is formed by the coming together of the humerus and ulna bones.
This joint is responsible for bending and extending the elbow. Ulnohumeral arthritis can cause pain and make it difficult to bend and straighten the elbow. This can make it painful and difficult to the get the hand to the mouth, wash hair, or hold a phone to your ear. The radiocapitellar joint is formed by the coming together of the radius and the capitellum, which is a part of the humerus.
Radiocapitellar problems often lead to a clicking sound and pain when rotating the elbow. Pronation and supination occur at this joint, which is the act of rotating your palms to face upward and downward. Radial head fractures often disrupt the close fit between the two bones at the proximal radioulnar joint, leading to pain and loss of motion. The glenohumeral joint is the coming together of the upper arm bone, the humerus, and a portion of the shoulder blade called the glenoid.
The glenoid is a shallow cup that connects to the humerus. The shoulder has a great deal of motion including bending and straightening, moving away from the side of the body, moving toward the body, and circumduction a spinning type of motion. Common problems with this joint include stiffness, dislocation, labral tears, bursitis, rotator cuff tears, long head of biceps tendonitis or tears, subacromial impingement, proximal humeral fractures, and arthritis.
The AC joint is a smaller joint associated with the shoulder. The acromium is part of the scapula shoulder blade and the clavicle also called the collarbone. The AC joint is where the scapula and clavicle come together. There are three major ligaments, the acro-mioclavicular, coracoacromial, coracoclavicular.
This joint is involved with raising and lowering the arm and moving the arm forward and backward. An AC separation is a common injury of this joint which occurs from a fall or a direct blow to the shoulder. Many shoulder separations are treated without surgery, but some may require surgery to reconstruct the coracoacromial or coracoclavicular ligaments. The bones in our fingers and thumb are called phalanges.
Each finger has 3 phalanges separated by two interphalangeal joints, except for the thumb, which only has 2 phalanges and one interphalangeal joint. The first joint close to the knuckle joint is called the proximal interphalangeal joint or PIP joint. The joint closest to the end of the finger is called the distal interphalangeal joint or DIP joint.
Our hand bones are held in place and supported by various soft tissues. These include: articular cartilage, ligaments, muscles and tendons. Articular cartilage is a smooth material that acts as a shock absorber and cushions the ends of bones at each of the 27 joints, allowing smooth movement of the hand.
Ligaments are tough rope-like tissue that connect bones to other bones, holding them in place and providing stability to the joints. Each finger joint has two collateral ligaments on either side, which prevents the abnormal sideways bending of the joints.
The volar plate is the strongest ligament in the hand. It joins the proximal and middle phalanx on the palm side of the joint and prevents backwards bending of the PIP joint hyperextension.
Intrinsic muscles are small muscles that originate in the wrist and hand. They are responsible for fine motor movement of the fingers during activities such as writing or playing the piano.
Extrinsic muscles originate in the forearm or elbow and control the movement of the wrist and hand. These muscles are responsible for gross hand movements. They position the wrist and hand while the fingers perform fine motor movements. Each finger has six muscles controlling its movement: three extrinsic and three intrinsic muscles.
The index and little finger each have an extra extrinsic extensor. Tendons are soft tissues that connect muscles to bones.
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